Vegan Nutrition
Introduction -- Protein -- Essential Fatty Acids --
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -- Vitamin B12 -- Vitamin D -- Calcium -- Iodine -- Infants -- Vegan Storecupboard
Introduction
A vegan is a strict vegetarian who does not eat any dairy
products or eggs. Most vegans
do not eat honey. A well balanced vegan diet can provide all the essential
nutrients you require and shares the same health advantages as a vegetarian
diet.
Nutritional guidelines for vegans are essentially similar to those for vegetarians. However, vegetarians gain certain nutrients from dairy products and eggs. Vegans need to ensure their diets contain plant food sources of these nutrients, the main ones of which are discussed below.
Protein
Obtaining adequate protein
on a vegan diet is not a problem. Nuts
& seeds, pulses, wholegrain
and grain products and soya products
all supply protein. Previously, it has been thought that plant proteins
are of a lower quality than animal proteins in terms of their essential
amino acid content. However, this is no longer regarded as a problem and
eating a balanced diet of plant foods will provide all the essential amino
acids in adequate amounts.
Essential Fatty Acids
There are two essential fatty acids which must be supplied by the diet. These are linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid. Essential fatty acids are important for cell membrane function, cholesterol metabolism and the synthesis of various metabolites. Good sources of essential fatty acids are vegetable oils. It is important to have the correct balance between linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid. It has been suggested that vegans should use soyabean or rapeseed oils rather than sunflower or corn oils as these help give a better dietary balance.Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Certain studies have found vegans to have a low intake of the vitamin,
riboflavin. Riboflavin is important in converting protein,
fats and carbohydrates into energy,
and the synthesis and repair of body tissues. Good sources of riboflavin
include whole grains, mushrooms,
almonds, leafy green vegetables and yeast extracts.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is found primarily
in meat, dairy products and eggs
and is absent from plant foods. Considerable research has been carried out
into possible plant sources of B12. Fermented soya products, seaweeds and
algae such as spirulina have all been proposed as containing significant
amounts of B12. However, the present consensus is that any B12 present in
plant foods is likely to be in a form unavailable to humans and so these
foods should not be relied upon as safe sources.
Vitamin B12 is important in the formation of red blood cells and the maintenence of a healthy nervous system. When deficiency does occur it is more likely to be due to a failure to absorb B12 from the intestine than a dietary deficiency.
Vegans can obtain B12 from a wide range of foods which have been fortified with the vitamin. These include certain yeast extracts, veggieburger mixes, breakfast cereals, vegetable margarines and soya milks. You should check the packaging to see which individual products are fortified with B12.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is present in oily fish, eggs
and dairy products in variable
amounts. It is not found in plant foods. However, vegans can obtain vitamin
D from vegetable margarines, some soya
milks and certain other foods which are fortified with the vitamin.
Vitamin D is also synthesised by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Synthesis of vitamin D in this way is usually adequate to supply all the body's requirements. Most vegans will obtain sufficient vitamin D providing they spend time outdoors on bright days. Fortified foods further ensure adequate amounts.
Vegans who may be confined indoors may be recommended a vitamin D supplement. Also, infants who are seldom oudoors or who are dark-skinned may require supplements. Asian vegans may also be at risk of deficiency, particularly Asian women who may be required to keep their skin covered for cultural reasons.
Calcium
The major source of calcium
in British diets is generally milk
and dairy products. Vegans can obtain adequate calcium from plant foods.
Good sources include tofu, leafy
green vegetables, watercress, dried fruit, seeds
and nuts. Also, white bread is fortified with calcium, as are some soya
milks. Hard water can also provide significant amounts of calcium.
Iodine
Milk is the primary source
of iodine in the British diet and studies have indicated some vegans may
have a low iodine intake. Seaweeds are a good source of iodine, and vegetables
and grains can contain iodine depending on the amounts in the soil.
Infants
It is perfectly possible to bring up a child
on a vegan diet. Vegan children should be given plenty of nutrient rich
foods and need good sources of protein,
calcium, vitamin
B12 and vitamin D. High fibre foods can fill up a child without filling
their nutritional needs as well as interfering with mineral absorption from
the intestine. For these reasons, foods high in fibre shouldn't be overused.
Vegan Storecupboard
Dairy products can largely
be replaced with various soya products.
There are several brands of soya milk. It can be purchased either sweetened
or unsweetened, plain or flavoured. Different brands may be fortified with
vitamin B12, vitamin D and calcium.
Soya cheeses, yoghurts and cream are all available from health food
stores. Eggs can be replaced
in recipes by commercial egg replacer products, also available from health
food stores.
The Vegan Society's Animal-Free Shopper is a useful guide for vegan
shoppers and includes suitable cosmetics, supplements, clothing
and various household goods as well as food products.
Further Information
